Traduction et analyse de mots par intelligence artificielle ChatGPT
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pyroclastic rocks - traduction vers arabe
![Rocks from the [[Bishop Tuff]], uncompressed with [[pumice]] on left; compressed with [[fiamme]] on right.](https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:FilePath/BishopTuff.jpg?width=200 "Rocks from the [[Bishop Tuff]], uncompressed with [[pumice]] on left; compressed with [[fiamme]] on right.")
![Sedimentary [[sandstone]] with [[iron oxide]] bands](https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:FilePath/"Liesegang banding" in quartzose sandstone (Upper Paleozoic; quarry near Crossville, Tennessee, USA) 2 (40280403530).jpg?width=200 "Sedimentary [[sandstone]] with [[iron oxide]] bands")
![Rock [[outcrop]] along a mountain creek near [[Orosí]], [[Costa Rica]].](https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:FilePath/DirkvdM rocks.jpg?width=200 "Rock [[outcrop]] along a mountain creek near [[Orosí]], [[Costa Rica]].")
![Sample of igneous [[gabbro]]](https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:FilePath/GabbroRockCreek1.jpg?width=200 "Sample of igneous [[gabbro]]")
![Raised garden bed]] with natural stones](https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:FilePath/Hochbeet aus Naturstein.jpg?width=200 "Raised garden bed]] with natural stones")
![A [[balancing rock]] called ''[[Kummakivi]]'' (literally ''"strange stone"'')<ref>[http://unusualplaces.org/kummakivi/ Kummakivi], Unusual Places.org.</ref>](https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:FilePath/Kummakivi balancing rock in Ruokolahti, Finland.jpg?width=200 "A [[balancing rock]] called ''[[Kummakivi]]'' (literally ''\"strange stone\"'')<ref>[http://unusualplaces.org/kummakivi/ Kummakivi], Unusual Places.org.</ref>")
![A stonehouse on the hill in [[Sastamala]], Finland](https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:FilePath/Pirunvuoren kivilinna.jpg?width=200 "A stonehouse on the hill in [[Sastamala]], Finland")
![Metamorphic banded [[gneiss]]](https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:FilePath/Skagit-gneiss-Cascades.jpg?width=200 "Metamorphic banded [[gneiss]]")
![Ceremonial [[cairn]] of rocks, an [[ovoo]], from [[Mongolia]]](https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:FilePath/TallOvoo.JPG?width=200 "Ceremonial [[cairn]] of rocks, an [[ovoo]], from [[Mongolia]]")
![Mi Vida uranium mine]] near [[Moab, Utah]]](https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:FilePath/UraniumMineUtah.JPG?width=200 "Mi Vida uranium mine]] near [[Moab, Utah]]")
ألاسم
حَجَر
الفعل
رَجَمَ
الصفة
حَجَريّ
![Natural columns of igneous rock separated from each other by [[columnar joint]]s, in [[Madeira]]](https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:FilePath/BasaltColumns PortoSanto.JPG?width=200 "Natural columns of igneous rock separated from each other by [[columnar joint]]s, in [[Madeira]]")
![Sample of basalt (an extrusive igneous rock), found in [[Massachusetts]]](https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:FilePath/Basalt 36mw1041.jpg?width=200 "Sample of basalt (an extrusive igneous rock), found in [[Massachusetts]]")
![fractional crystallisation]] in a [[magma]]. While cooling, the magma evolves in composition because different minerals crystallize from the melt. '''1''': [[olivine]] crystallizes; '''2''': olivine and [[pyroxene]] crystallize; '''3''': pyroxene and [[plagioclase]] crystallize; '''4''': plagioclase crystallizes. At the bottom of the magma reservoir, a [[cumulate rock]] forms.](https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:FilePath/Fractional crystallization.svg?width=200 "fractional crystallisation]] in a [[magma]]. While cooling, the magma evolves in composition because different minerals crystallize from the melt. '''1''': [[olivine]] crystallizes; '''2''': olivine and [[pyroxene]] crystallize; '''3''': pyroxene and [[plagioclase]] crystallize; '''4''': plagioclase crystallizes. At the bottom of the magma reservoir, a [[cumulate rock]] forms.")
![Close-up of granite (an intrusive igneous rock) exposed in [[Chennai]], India](https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:FilePath/IndianGranite.jpg?width=200 "Close-up of granite (an intrusive igneous rock) exposed in [[Chennai]], India")
![[[Lopolith]]
}}](https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:FilePath/Intrusion types.svg?width=200 "[[Lopolith]]
}}")
![[[Volcanic eruptions]] of lava are major sources of igneous rocks. ([[Mayon]] volcano in the Philippines, erupting in 2009)](https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:FilePath/Mayon 0021.jpg?width=200 "[[Volcanic eruptions]] of lava are major sources of igneous rocks. ([[Mayon]] volcano in the Philippines, erupting in 2009)")
![Kanaga]] volcano in the [[Aleutian Islands]] with a 1906 lava flow in the foreground](https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:FilePath/Kanaga Volcano (22432739869).jpg?width=200 "Kanaga]] volcano in the [[Aleutian Islands]] with a 1906 lava flow in the foreground")
![m}} across, in a solidified lava crust reveals molten lava below (flowing towards the top right) in an eruption of [[Kīlauea]] in Hawaii](https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:FilePath/Molten Lava in Pahoehoe Skylight.jpg?width=200 "m}} across, in a solidified lava crust reveals molten lava below (flowing towards the top right) in an eruption of [[Kīlauea]] in Hawaii")
![[[Devils Tower]], an eroded laccolith in the Black Hills of Wyoming](https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:FilePath/"This means something. This is important" (19967592275).jpg?width=200 "[[Devils Tower]], an eroded laccolith in the Black Hills of Wyoming")
![A cascade of molten lava flowing into Aloi Crater during the 1969-1971 [[Mauna Ulu]] eruption of Kilauea volcano](https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:FilePath/Happy Anniversary Hawaii (14802198589).jpg?width=200 "A cascade of molten lava flowing into Aloi Crater during the 1969-1971 [[Mauna Ulu]] eruption of Kilauea volcano")
![[[Columnar jointing]] in the Alcantara Gorge, [[Sicily]]](https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:FilePath/Columnar jointing in the Alcantara Gorge, Sicily.jpg?width=200 "[[Columnar jointing]] in the Alcantara Gorge, [[Sicily]]")
![A laccolith of granite (light-coloured) that was intruded into older sedimentary rocks (dark-coloured) at Cuernos del Paine, [[Torres del Paine National Park]], Chile](https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:FilePath/Cretaceous sedimentary rocks intruded by a Miocene granite laccolith.jpg?width=200 "A laccolith of granite (light-coloured) that was intruded into older sedimentary rocks (dark-coloured) at Cuernos del Paine, [[Torres del Paine National Park]], Chile")
![An igneous intrusion cut by a [[pegmatite]] dike, which in turn is cut by a [[dolerite]] dike](https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:FilePath/Multiple Igneous Intrusion Phases Kosterhavet Sweden.jpg?width=200 "An igneous intrusion cut by a [[pegmatite]] dike, which in turn is cut by a [[dolerite]] dike")
الصفة
بُرْكَانِيّ ; نارِيّ
Wikipédia
Pyroclastic rocks (derived from the Greek: πῦρ, meaning fire; and κλαστός, meaning broken) are clastic rocks composed of rock fragments produced and ejected by explosive volcanic eruptions. The individual rock fragments are known as pyroclasts. Pyroclastic rocks are a type of volcaniclastic deposit, which are deposits made predominantly of volcanic particles. 'Phreatic' pyroclastic deposits are a variety of pyroclastic rock that forms from volcanic steam explosions and they are entirely made of accidental clasts. 'Phreatomagmatic' pyroclastic deposits are formed from explosive interaction of magma with groundwater.
Unconsolidated accumulations of pyroclasts are described as tephra. Tephra may become lithified to a pyroclastic rock by cementation or chemical reactions as the result of the passage of hot gases (fumarolic alteration) or groundwater (e.g. hydrothermal alteration and diagenesis) and burial, or, if it is emplaced at temperatures so hot that the soft glassy pyroclasts stick together at point contacts, and deform: this is known as welding.
One of the most spectacular types of pyroclastic deposit is an ignimbrite, which is the deposit of a ground-hugging pumiceous pyroclastic density current (a rapidly flowing hot suspension of pyroclasts in gas). Ignimbrites may be loose deposits or solid rock, and they can bury entire landscapes. An individual ignimbrite can exceed 1000 km3 in volume, can cover 20,000 km2 of land, and may exceed 1 km in thickness, for example where it is ponded within a volcanic caldera.
